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Q16IntermediateSystem design

Design a CI/CD pipeline for an LLM application with evaluation gates.

30-second answerSay your answer out loud first, then reveal.
An LLM CI/CD pipeline: a pull request runs fast checks and a fast eval subset, then merge, build, staging and full eval suites; passing gates go to a 5% canary that either rolls out to 100% and writes a release record or rolls back automatically, and failing gates block with a diff report.

Gate examples

GateThreshold
Golden-set qualityNo significant drop vs baseline; ≥ target
Safety suite0 new critical failures
Format adherence≥ 99.5% valid JSON
CostTokens per task ≤ baseline + 10%
Latencyp95 within SLO in staging load test

Design notes

  • Prompt and config changes go through the same pipeline as code, even if they're edited by non-engineers in a UI (the UI opens a PR or a versioned change request).
  • Cost of evals: cache model outputs for unchanged components; run full suites on merge or nightly.
  • Flaky statistics: use paired comparisons and confidence intervals, and require a manual override with justification when results are borderline.
  • Data and index changes (new embeddings, re-chunking) also trigger retrieval evals.

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